Afghanistan History
Afghanistan's history, internal political
development, foreign relations, and very existence
50,000 BC - 20,000 BC Stone
Age
o
o Archaeologists have identified
evidence of stone age technology in Aq Kupruk (balkh), and Hazar Sum.
o Plant remains at the foothill of the
Hindu Kush mountains indicate, that North Afghanistan was one of the earliest
places to domestic plants and animals.
3000 BC - 2000 BC Bronze
Age
o
o It has been indicated the Bronze
have been invented in ancient Afghanistan around this time.
o Urbanization and trade grows, making
it an important point between Mesopotamian and other civilizations to emerge as
the present day's "Crossroads of Asia".
o First true urban centers rise in two
main sites in Afghanistan--Mundigak, and Deh Morasi Ghundai.
o Mundigak (near modern day
Kandahar)--had an economic base of wheat, barley, sheep and goats. Also,
evidence indicates that Mudigak could have been a provincial capital of the
Indus valley civilization.
o Ancient Afghanistan--crossroads
between Mesopotamia, and other Civilizations.
2000 BC - 1500 BC Aryan
Tribes in Aryana Emperor Yama
(Ancient Afghanistan)
o
o The City of Kabul is thought to have
been established during this time.
o Rig Veda may have been created in
Afghanistan around this time.
o Evidence of early nomadic iron age
in Aq Kapruk IV.
728 BC - 550 BC Medes
Empire
o
o Deioces, 728BC - 675BC
o Phraortes (Kashtariti), 675BC -
653BC
o Cyaxares, 625BC - 585BC
o Astyages, 585BC - 550BC
628 BC - Zoroaster introduces
a new religion in its capital Bactria (Balkh) in N.
Afghanistan.---(Zoroastrianism--Monotheistic religion)
6 BC- 330 BC Achaemenids
Empire
o
o Teispes
o Cyrus I
o Cambyses I (Kambiz) 600 B.C
o Cyrus the Great, Start of Achaemenid
Empire, 559BC - 530BC
o Kambiz II, 530BC - 522BC
o Darius I the Great, 522BC - 486BC
o Xerxes I(Khashyar), 486BC - 465BC
o Artaxerxes I , 465BC - 425BC
o Xerxes II, 425BC - 424BC (45 days)
o Darius II, 423BC - 404BC
o Artaxerxes II, 404BC - 359BC
o Artaxerxes III, 359BC - 339BC
o Arses, 338BC - 336BC
o Darius III, 336BC - 330BC
o Dariusthe Great expands the
Achaemenid empire to its peak, when it takes most
of Afghanistan., including Aria (Herat), Bactriana(Balk, and
present-day Mazar-i-Shariff), Margiana (Merv), Gandhara (Kabul,
Jalalabad and Peshawar), Sattagydia (Ghazni to the Indus river), Arachosia
(Kandahar, and Quetta), and Drangiana (Sistan).
o The Persianempire was plagued
by constant bitter and bloody tribal revolts from Afghans living in
Arachosia (Kandahar, and Quetta)
329 BC - 326 BC Hellenistic
period
o
o Alexander the Great conquering Persia,
Afghanistan. 330BC - 323BC
o Alexander conquers Afghanistan, but
fails to really subdue its people, but unrest and bloody revolts become the
regime's hallmarks.
o Philip III(Arrhidaeus), 323BC -
317BC
o Alexander IV,317BC - 312BC
323 BC - After
Alexander's death the region at first was
part of the Seleucid empire. In the north, Bactria became independent, and the
south was acquired by the Maurya dynasty.
o
o Bactria expanded southward but fell
(mid-2d cent. B.C.) to the Parthians and rebellious tribes (notably the Saka).
o Buddhismwas introduced from the east
by the Yüechi, who founded the Kushan dynasty (early 2d cent. B.C.). Their
capital was Peshawar.
o The city, once called Purushapura,
was the capital of the ancient Greco-Buddhist center of Gandhara.
o The Kushans declined (3d cent. A.D.)
and were supplanted by the Sassanids, the Ephthalites, and the Turkish Tu-Kuie.
312 BC - 260 BC Seleucids
Empire
o
o Seleucus I, 312BC - 281BC
o Antiochus I Soter, 281BC - 261BC
o Seleucus, 280BC - 267BC
256 BC - 130 BC - Graeco-Bactrian state established in northern Afghanistan Arsacids
Empire and Parthian Empire
o
o Arsaces, 238BC - 217BC (or 211BC?)
o Artabanus(Ardawan) or Arsaces II,
211BC - 191BC
o Priapatius I, 191BC - 176BC
o Phraates I, 176BC - 171BC
Phil-Hellenistic
period
o
o Mithradates I, 171BC - 138BC
o Phraates II, 138BC - 128BC
o Artabanus I, 128BC - 123BC
o Mithradates II(the Great), 123BC -
87BC
o Gotarzes, 90BC - 80BC
o Orodes I, 80BC - 77BC
o Sanatruces, 77BC - 70BC
o Phraates III, 70BC - 57BC
o Mithradtes III, 57BC - 55BC
o Orodes II, 57BC - 37BC
o Phraates IV, 37BC - 2BC
o Phraates V, 2BC - AD 4
o Orodes III, AD 4 - AD 7
o Vonones, AD 7 - AD 11
Anti-Hellenistic
Period
o
o Artabanus II, 12 - 38
o Gotarzes II, 38 - 51
o Vardanes I, 39 - 45
o Vonones II, 51
o Vologases I, 51 - 78
o Vardanes II, 55 - 58
o Vologases II, 77 - 80
o Artabanus III, 80 - 81
o Pacorus, 78 - 105
120 Kushan
Empire, under King Kanishka
o
o Graeco-Buddhist Gandharan culture
reach its height.
o Under the Kushan King, Kanishka,
Buddha was first given a human face and the world's largest Buddhas (175 feet
and 120 feet tall) were carved into the cliff at Bamiyan. But many gods and
goddesses from Greek, Persian, Central Asian and Hindu cultures were also
worshipped.
225 - 650 Sassanians
o
o Ardashir I, 224 - 241
o Shapur I, 241 - 272
o Hormizd I, 272 - 273
o Bahram I, 273 - 276
o Bahram II, 276 - 293
o Bahram III, 293
o Narses, 293 - 302
o Hormizd II, 302 - 309
o Shapur II, 309 - 379
o Ardashir II, 379 - 383
o Shapur III, 383 - 388
o Bahram IV, 388 - 399
o Yazdegerd I, 399 - 420
o Bahram V Gur, 420 - 438
o Yazdegerd II, 438 - 457
o Hormizd III, 457 - 459
o Piruz, 457 - 484
o Balash, 484 - 488
o Kavadh (Qobad) I, 488 - 496
o Tamasb, 496 - 499
o Kavadh I, 499 - 531
o Khosrow I (Anushirvan), 531 - 579
o Hormizd IV, 579 - 590
o Khosrow IIParviz, 590
o Bahram VI, 590 - 591
o Khosrow II Parviz, 591 - 628
o Bestam (in Media), 591 - 596
o Kavadh (Qobad) II Shiruye (Siroes),
628 - 630
o Ardashir III, 628 - 630
o Shahrbaraz, 630
o Purandokht, 629 - 631
o Azarmedukht, 631 - 632
o Hormizd V, 631 - 632
o Khosrow III, 632 - 633
o Yazdegird III, 632 - 651
400 Invasion
of the White Huns. They destroy the Buddhist culture,
and leave most of the country in ruins
425 - 550 Independent
Yaftalee rule in Afghanistan .Yaftalee
Dynasty -Established in northern Hindu Kush region of Takhar, this dynasty
gains control over the majority of present day Afghanistan by 425.
530 Persians reassert control over all of what is now Afghanistan.
531 - 579 Khosrow
I (Khosrow Anüshirvan), king of
Persia
590 - 628 Khosrow
II (Khosrow Parviz), king of
Persia of the Sassanid, or Sassanian, dynasty
652 Arabs
introduce Islam that was to influence the
course of Afghanistan's history
650 - 661 Arabs - Orthodox Caliphates
o
o Uthman (Osman), 650 - 656
o Ali, 656 - 661
o
661 - 750 Arabs - Umayyad Caliphate
o
o Mu'awiya I, 661 - 680
o Yazid I, 680 - 683
o Mu'awiya II, 683 - 684
o Marwan I, 684 - 685
o Abd-al-Malik, 685 - 705
o Al-Walid I, 705 - 715
o Suleyman, 715 - 717
o Umar II, 717 - 720
o Yazid II, 720 - 724
o Hisham, 724 - 743
o Al-Walid II, 743 - 744
o Yazid III, 744
o Ibrahim, 744
o Marwan II, 744 - 750
o
750 - 821 Arabs - Abbasid Caliphate
o
o Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah, 750 - 754
o Al-Mansur, 754 - 775
o Al-Mahdi, 775 - 785
o Al-Hadi, 785 - 786
o Harun al-Rashid, 786 - 809
o Al-Amin, 809 - 813
o Al-Mamun, 813 - 833
o
860 - 960 Samanid (Turkestan)
o
o Nasr I, 864 - 892
o Ismail, 892 - 907
o Ahmad, 907 - 914
o Nasr II, 914 - 942
o Nuh I, 942 - 954
o Abd al-Malik I, 954 - 961
o Mansur I, 961 - 976
o
962 - 1030 Ghaznavid
Dynasty - (Khurasan)
o
o Mahmud, 970 - 1030 The Islamic era
begins with Mohammed Ghazni and Afghanistan becomes the centre of Islamic power
and civilisation. Several short-lived Muslim dynasties were founded, the most
powerful of them having its capital at Ghazna (see Ghazni). Mahmud of Ghazna,
who conquered the lands from Khorasanin Iran to the Punjab in India early in
the 11th cent., was the greatest of Afghanistan's rulers
o Masoud I, 1030 - 1040
o
1140 - 1215 Ghorid leaders from central Afghanistan capture and burn
Ghazni, then move on to conquer India.
Ghurid
Empire Shansabani Dynasty (Afghanistan)
o
o Izz Al-Din Husayn I, 1117 - 1146
o Sayf al_Din Suri, 1146 - 1149
o Baha al-Din Sam I, 1149
o Ala al-Din Husayn II, 1149 - 1161
o Say al-Din Muhammad I, 1161 - 1163
o Ghiyath al_Din Muhammad II, 1163 -
1203
o Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad III, 1203 -
1206
o Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud, 1206 - 1210
o Baha al-Din Sam II, 1210
o Ala al-Din Atsiz, 1210 - 1214
o Ala al-Din Muhammad IV, 1215 - 1215
o
1219 - 1221 Mongol Invasion of Afghanistan by Genghis Khan Empire
Khans
(Mongol)
o
o Hülagü Khan, 1256 - 1265
o Abagha, 1265 - 1282
o Tegüder, 1282 - 1284
o Arghun, 1284 - 1291
o Gaykhatu, 1291 - 1295
o Baydu, 1295
o Mahmud Ghazan, 1295 - 1304
o Uljaytü, 1304 - 1316
o Abu Said, 1317 - 1335
o Arpa, 1335 - 1336
o Musa, 1336 - 1337
o Muhammad, 1336 - 1338
o Sati Beg, 1338 - 1339
o Jahan Temür, 1339 - 1340
o Sulayman, 1339 - 1343
o
1273 Marco Polo crosses Afghanistan on his voyage from Italy to China
to discover the "Silk Route". Revolts and battles between smaller
kingdoms mark the next two centurie
1370 - 1404 Timurids
and Turkmen Empire
Timurids
o
o Timur, 1393 - 1405
o Miranshah (Western Persia), 1405 -
1408
o Khalil (Western Persia 1409 - 1411),
1405 - 1409
o Shah Rokh Shah, 1409 - 1447
o Ulugh Beg, 1447 - 1449
o Soltan Abu Said, 1451 - 1469
o
1414 - 1421 The
Sayyids
o Khizr Khan (1414-1421)
o
1451 Lodi dynasty An Afghan by the named Buhlul Khan invades Delhi,
and seizes the throne.
o 1451-1489: Buhlul Khan Lodi
o 1489-1517: Sikandar Lodi
o 1517-1526: Ibrahim
o
1504-1519 Moghul
dynasty Babur shah, takes
control of Kabul, Babar begins to take control of Afghanistan. Babur, a
descendant of Timur , used Kabul as the base for his conquest of India and the
establishment of the Mughal empire in the 16th cent.
1520-1579 Bayazid
Roshan (Afghan intellectual) revolts
against the power of the Moghul government. Roshan was killed in a battle
with the Moghuls in 1579--but his struggle for independence continued.
1613-1689 Khushhal
Khan Khattak (Afghan warrior-poet)
initiates a national uprising against the foreign Moghul government.
1708 Mir Wais Neka (forerunner of Afghan independence) makes Kandahar
independent of Safavid Persia that had ruled it since 1622. Mir Wais,
considered by some to be the father of Afghan independence, takes over
Kandahar. His son, Mir Mahmud, invades Persia and liberates Herat.
o 1715-- Mir Wais dies peacefully, and
lies in a mausoleum outside of Kandahar.
o 1722-- Mir Wais' son, Mir Mahmud,
invades Persia and occupies Isfahan. At the same time, the Durranis
revolt, and terminate the Persian occupation of Herat. The Durranis revolt to
throw out Persians from Herat.
o 1725 (April 25)--Mir Mahmud is
mysteriously killed after going mad. Afghans start to lose control of
Persia.
o
1736 Persian King Nadir Shah occupies the south-west and later Kandahar;
assassinated in 1747.
o the Persian Nadir Shah extended his
rule to N of the Hindu Kush. After his death (1747) his lieutenant, Ahmad Shah,
an Afghan tribal leader, established a united state covering most of
present-day Afghanistan. His dynasty, the Durrani, gave the Afghans the name
(Durrani) that they themselves frequently use.
o 1747 Nadir Shah is
assassinated, and the Afghans rise once again. Afghans, under the
leadership of Ahmad Shah Abdali retake Kandahar, and establish
modern Afghanistan.
o
1747 - 1773 Ahmad
Shah Durrani, also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali
and (Ahmad Shah Baba) is the founder of today's Afghanistan. Pir Sabir Shah,
the spiritual guide of the time, showered his praise for the young Ahmad Shah
by declaring him Dar-e-Durran (pearl of the pearls) not because that he was a
military giant but for his humanity a definite quality of a statesman. The
start of the Durrani's Empire.
1773 - 1793 Timur
Shah
o Relocated the capital of
Afghanistan from Kandahar to Kabul.
o
1793 - 1800 Zaman
Shah
o He began to remove prominent Muhammadzai
leaders from positions of power and replacing them with men of his own lineage,
the Sadozai. This upset the delicate balance of Durrani tribal politics that
Ahmad Shah had established and may have prompted Painda Khan and other Durrani
chiefs to plot against the shah. Painda Khan and the chiefs of the Nurzai and
the Alizai Durrani clans were executed, as was the chief of the Qizilbash clan.
Painda Khan's son fled to Iran and pledged the substantial support of his
Muhammadzai followers to a rival claimant to the throne, Zeman's older brother,
Mahmood Shah. The clans who's chiefs Zeman had executed joined forces with the
rebels, and they took Kandahar without bloodshed.
o
1800 - 1803 Shah
Mahmood
o King of Afghanistan (1800 - 03;
second time 1810 - 26)
1803 - 1810 Shah
Shujah
o King of Afghanistan (1803 -10;
second time 1839 - 42) whose alliance with the British led to his death.
1810 - 1826 Shah
Mahmood and his brother Zaman Shah
struggle for the throne.
o 1819-1826 Shaw Mahmood but the reign
of the Sadozai line ended in 1818, and no predominant ruler emerged until Dost
Muhammad became emir in 1826.
1826 - 1839 Dost
Mohammad Khan takes Kabul, and establishes
control. During his rule the status of Afghanistan became an international
problem, as Britain and Russia contested for influence in central Asia. Aiming
to control access to the northern approaches to India, the British tried to
replace Dost Muhammad with a former emir, subordinate to them. This policy caused
the first Afghan War (1838-42) between the British and the Afghans. Dost
Muhammad was at first deposed but, after an Afghan revolt in Kabul, was
restored. In 1857, Dost Muhammad signed an alliance with the British. He died
in 1863 and was succeeded, after family fighting, by his third son, Sher Ali.
o King of Afghanistan (1826 - 39;
second time 1843 - 63)
o 1832--1833 Persia moves into
Khurasan (province), and threatens Herat. Afghans defend Herat
successfully.
o 1834-- (May) Afghans lose Peshawar
to the Sikhs; later they crushed the Sikhs under the leadership of Akbar
Khan who defeated the Sikhs near Jamrud, and killed the great Sikh
general Hari Singh. However, they failed to retake
Peshawar due to disunity and bad judgment on the part of Dost Mohammad
Khan.
o 1836 Dost Mohammad Khan is
proclaimed as Amir al-mu' minin (commander of the faithful). He was well
on the road toward reunifying the whole of Afghanistan when the British, in
collaboration with an ex-king (Shah Shuja), invade Afghanistan to curtail
the growing Russian and Persian influence.
1839 - 1842 Shah
Shuja is installed as a "puppet
king" by the British.
o
o First Anglo-Afghan War
o After some resistance, Amir Dost
Mohammad Khan surrenders to the British and is deported to India.
(1839-1842)
o April 1842--Shah Shuja killed by
Afghans.
o 1842-1844 Akbar Khan (Afghan
hero) is victorious against the British. The ferocity was such that the
16,500- B British garrison with 12,000 support staff and dependents were wiped
out. Only one survived, of mixed British-Indian garrison, reaches the
fort in Jalalabad, on a stumbling pony.
o Mohammad Akbar Khan was a major player in the defeat of the British
army in the first Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842). He outsmarted and killed Sir
William MacNaughten, a top British official who highly advocated the invasion
and subjugation of Afghanistan by the British army. Mohammad Akbar was very
ambitous and wanted to regain all the land that was lost by the Afghans, and
rebuild another great empire, similar to Ahmad Shah Abdali's. However, his
father, Dost Mohammad Khan, who wanted to work with the British, feared his
son's rise to power. Many believed that Amir Dost Mohammad poisoned his own son
at the age of 29. Mohammad Akbar Khan is highly revered by Afghans today, and
is seen as a major historical hero. A residential area of Kabul is named after
him.
o
o By 1843 the nation declares
independence, Dost Khan returns to occupy the throne.
o In 1844, Akbar Khan dies.
1843 - 1863 Dost
Mohammad Khan comes back and occupies the
royal throne. After the annihilation of British troops, Afghanistan once
again becomes independent.
o 1859-- British take Baluchistan ,
and Afghanistan becomes completely landlocked.
1863 - 1866 Sher
Ali Dost Mohammad Khan's son ,
succeeds to the throne.
o King of Afghanistan (1863 - 66;
second time 1868 - 79)
- (1865)--Russia
takes Bukhara, Tashkent, and Samerkand.
1866 - 1867 Mohamad
Afzal
o
o
o Mohammad Afzal occupies Kabul and
proclaims himself Amir.
o October, 1867--Mohammad Afzal
dies.
1867 - 1868 Mohammad
Azam
o
o
o Mohammad Azam succeeds to the throne
o 1868--Mohammad Azam flees to Persia
1868 - 1879 Sher
Ali reasserts control
o 1873 Russia establishes a fixed
boundary with Afghanistan and promises to respect its territorial integrity.
o 1878-British launch their second
war. For the second time, the Afghans' spirited resistance forces them to
withdraw. Sher Ali dies. Mohammad Yaqub Khan takes over but concedes to the
British such key territories as Khyber and Pischin. The Afghans will never get
back these regions.
1879 - Amir
Muhammad Yaqub Khan takes
over until October 1879.
o
o
o Amir Muhammad Yaqub Khan gives up
the following Afghan territories to the British: Kurram, Khyber, Michni,
Pishin, and Sibi. Afghans lose these territories permanently.
o Kabul occupied by British forces
1880 - 1901 Abdur
Rahman takes throne of Afghanistan.
He was, however, recognized by the British as emir in 1880, and he supported
British interests against Russia..
o
o
o Battle of Maiwand
o July 1880, Afghan woman named
Malalai carries the Afghan flag
forward after the soldiers carrying the flag were killed by the British.
She becomes a hero for her show of courage and valour.
o
o The British, shortly after the
accession of the new Amir, withdraw from Afghanistan, although they retain the
right to handle Afghanistan's foreign relations.
o Abdur Rahman establishes fixed
borders and he loses a lot of Afghan land.
o Nuristan converted to Islam.
o 1885- Russian forces seize the
Panjdeh Oasis, a piece of Afghan territory north of the Oxus River.
Afghans tried to retake it, but was finally forced to allow the Russians
to keep Panjdeh, and the Russians promised to honor Afghan territorial
integrity in the future.
o 1893- The Durand line fixes borders of Afghanistan
with British India, splitting Afghan tribal areas, leaving half of
Afghans in what is now Pakistan.
o 1895 Afghanistan's northern border
is fixed and guaranteed by Russia
o 1901-- Abdur Rahman dies, his
son Habibullah succeeds him.
1907- 1919 Habibullah
Khan's regime.Russia and Great
Britain sign the convention of St. Petersburg, Agreement reached between
British and Russian governments over the territorial integrity of Afghanistan
1919 - 1929 Amanullah
Khan (The reform King)
o 1921--Third Anglo-Afghan war.
1929 - 1930 Habibullah
Kalakani (Bachae Saqaw)
1930 - 1933 Nadir Khan takes the throne; his tribal army loots government buildings and houses of wealthy citizens because the treasury was empty. Habibullah Kalakani, along with his supporters, and a few supporters of Amanullah Khan are killed by Nadir Khan. Now Nadir Khan establishes full control.
1930 - 1933 Nadir Khan takes the throne; his tribal army loots government buildings and houses of wealthy citizens because the treasury was empty. Habibullah Kalakani, along with his supporters, and a few supporters of Amanullah Khan are killed by Nadir Khan. Now Nadir Khan establishes full control.
o 1933-- Nadir Khan was assassinated
by a High School student whos father served Amanullah Khan
and was killed by Nadir Khan.
o Zahir Shaw, at the age of 19
inherits the throne, even though he did not want to take the
throne. He rules until 1973. Zahir Shah's uncles serve as prime
ministers and advisors until 1953.
o Mahmud Tarzi dies in Turkey at the
age of 68 with a heart full of sorrow and despair toward his country.
1940 - 1973 Zahir
Shah proclaims Afghanistan as
neutral during WW2
o 1949-- Afghanistan's Parliament
denounces the Durand Treaty and refuses to recognize the Durand line as a legal boundary between
Pakistan and Afghanistan. Pashtuns in Pashtunistan (Occupied Afghan Land)
proclaim an independent Pashtunistan, but their proclamation goes
unacknowledged by the world community.
o 1973-- July 17th: Zahir Shah is in
Europe, when his government is overthrown in a military coup headed by Daoud
Khan his cousin.
1973 - 1978 Daoud
Khan abolishes the monarchy,
declares himself President. The Republic of Afghanistan is established.
o 1978-- Bloody Communist coup: Daoud
is killed
1978 - 1979 Taraki is named President,
o June--Afghan guerrilla (Mujahideen)
movement is born.
o 1979--Taraki is killed
1979 - Hafizullah
Amin takes the Presidency.
o
o
o Mass killings of Afghans
o US ambassador killed
o 1979 --Amin is executed
1979 - 1986 Babrak
Karmal replaceing Amin
o 1979 Soviet Union (Russia)
invade in December.
o Babrak Karmal is replaced
by Dr. Najibullah.
1986 - 1992 Dr.
Najibullah replaceing Karmal
o 1987-- Najibullah proposes
ceasefire, but the Mujahideen refuse to deal with a "puppet
government".
o 1988--1989 Peace accords signed in
Geneva . Soviet Union defeated by Afghanistan, total withdrawal by the
Soviets occurred on Feb. 15, 1989.
1992 April 15 The
Mujahideen take Kabul and
liberate Afghanistan, Najibullah is protected by UN.
o
o The Mujahideen form an Islamic
State--Islamic Jihad Council--elections.
o Professor Burhannudin Rabbani takes
power.
o Through 1993, Hekmatyar's
Hezb-i-Islami forces, allied with the Shi'a Hezb-i-Wahdat militia, clashed
intermittently with Rabbani and Masood's Jamiat forces. Dostam switched sides,
precipitating largescale fighting in Kabul and in northern provinces.
o 1994-The Talibanmilitia are born,
and advance rapidly against the Islamic government. Dostum and Hekmatyar
continued to clash against Rabbani and Masood's government, and as a
result Kabul is reduced to rubble.
o
o
1996 - 2001 Mullah
Omar Taliban militia force President
Rabbani and his government out of Kabul. After the capture of Kabul, the
Taliban executed Najibullah.
2001 - Dec. 5 Hamid
Karzai